4. CONSEQUENCES 2

Let us sum up the opinions of the physicists of previous generations and, with the use of our theory, let us try to develop a common view to the processes coursed in atom, nucleus and in the Universe.

1. In accordance with Hertz, 1 circulation of electron around nucleus gives us 1 oscillation or 1 wave with a top and a bottom or one elementary quantum of energy respectively, which equals to Planck’s constant.

2. An electron moving at the accelerated speed radiates an electromagnetic wave motion (electrodynamics).

3. An electron moves along the ellipse, with the nucleus in the focus (Bohr’s planetary model).

4. An electron moves at the accelerated speed when approaching the nucleus. When departing, it moves at the decelerated speed (Keppler-Bohr).

5. If an electron moves uniformly along the circle, it does not radiate - series edge.

If the electron moves along the most elongated ellipse, it radiates the series head - there are major changes in acceleration and deceleration.

Other spectral lines of series between these two extremes are the more or less deformed ellipses in dependence on the line thickness.

6. The thicker the line, the more deformed the ellipse.

7. The thinner the line, the more approximate the circle, the orbit of the electron.

8. The invisible "line" represents the motion of electron along the ideal circle. It is the inertial motion.

9. The electron does not move along the same ellipse, but it occurs the coiling of perinucleum i. e. it moves along the rosette in plane (Sommerfeld explained this through equations for the theory of relativity. We explain it through E_mov according to equation 2.20). At the same time it is the idea of a "superfine structure" and a "plane quantization".

10. "The space quantization" can be explained according to our theory by means of pushing the center of gravity and the rotating electron getting off the orbit plane, like it is shown in 3.1. - the rotating circle getting off in the gravitation field of the Earth.

11. The radius of force reach of the electron decreases with the increasing translational speed - see relation (3.25). It increases with the decreasing translational speed.

12. The radius of force reach of the electron analogically decreases with the increasing angular (rotating) speed. It increases with the decreasing angle speed of the rotating electron around its axis of revolution.

13. The effective cross-section of oscillating nuclei is decreases with the increase of the particle speed around balanced position of nucleus.

14. The effective cross-section of incident particle decreases with the increase of particle translational speed (e. g. electron, proton) and is inversely proportional to the square of the particle mass.

15. In the center-of-mass coordinates system the electron and also the nucleus (of hydrogen atom) revolve at the same frequency but at different circumferential velocity, whereby it is valid that

R_e - radius of electron revolving
R_p - radius of proton revolving around the common center of gravity (Currently used equation see Beiser [9] page 151 is not valid)

16. The relation results meanwhile also from the law of moment conservation ... and the definition and calculation of the moment of inertia

for the sphere ...

for the cylinder ... see Steiner’s theorem, too.

17. That is why it is also valid (for the hydrogen atom)

since , whereby the frequency in center-of-mass system is the same for electron as well as for proton (nucleus).

18. The electron velocity is at the same time the constant of fine structure whereby according to Wichman p. 65 (Quantum physics - Berkeley course of physics IV.) and our theory it is valid that

Substituting for T_kin according to (3.24) for we have

19. The speed of corresponds to the wavelength of electron , one revolvement of which can be coordinated to the Planck’s constant h.

20. Alternately, acceleratively and deceleratively moving electron at the speed from v_min=0.0029970729c to v_max=0.0030012425c (8.9975 . 10⁵m/s) i. e. the electron moves along the rosette radiating electromagnetic wave (and absorbing energy during deceleration) it will not fell down on the nucleus as Beiser affirms [9] p. 132. In any case, the electron moving alternately acceleratively and deceleratively along the rose orbit of the rosette radiate the electromagnetic wave. If we picture a concrete most deformed ellipse belonging mainly to the head of Balmer’s series as a rosette in the circular ring of the radii of , as the circle of the radius of 31cm of the line thickness of 0,3 mm, then the whole rosette is pressed into this "circle" i. e. into the circle ring of the thickness of 0,3 mm!

We therefore draw the entire circle ring, it seems outwardly, that it is the motion along the circle (ideal one) - only at the depth view to the circle thickness ("through microscope") we can see that in fact it is the rosette - the system of coiling ellipses.

21. Superfluidity

The lower temperature, the lower frequency of revolution of electrons (protons). At the absolute zero .

As the temperature decreases, the revolvement of the electron and the nucleus around the common center of gravity are impeded. The rotation of electron around its axis nearly stops as well first. The orbital motion stops first, this allowed by the rotational stop.

Conversely: If we start to warm up the electrons and nucleus from the absolute zero, the rotational motion will increase first (the superfluid component HeII.) and only if this rotational motion is saturated to a certain degree, it will also start increasing the orbital motion (as it is in the case of the rotating circle in the gravitational field of the Earth - the electron begins its getting off the nucleus). Therefore the normal component HeII contains also the orbital motion of electron. The superfluid component (=not containing friction) would be characterized only by the rotating electrons around their axes in HeII atoms, whereby the motion along the orbit does not yet begin (our it could be very slow respectively).

The normal component would be also characterized by the motion of electrons along the orbits around the nuclei (more exactly, around the centers of gravity of atoms). But this normal component contains friction like the result of the revolution of electrons and protons along the orbits around the center of gravity of atom.

All these quantities (friction, viscosity,...) start up only with the registration of the orbital motion beginning as the result of high accelerated rotation around its axis .

The superfluid state is exactly the state, in which the mass is least willing to express its properties.

During the rotation we get two circular paraboloids, the big one of height h is normal component HeII and a smaller one under the big one of height in the superfluid component representing the mixture of rotating electrons and nuclei around their own axis.

The thermal content is made dependent upon the exclusive existence of the atom electron envelope.

The high thermal conductivity is caused by loss or partial loss at least of the electron envelope or by its influence suppression.

THE SUPERFLUID COMPONENT and the (high-temperature or low-temperature) PLASMA have something in common with each other. In both cases we have no electron envelope.

22. Superconductivity

The conducting electrons in metals transfer the electric charge and heat well. How it is then possible, that they do not contribute practically to the heat capacity at room temperature? (S. Janos, The Low Temperature Physics, p. 102 - SPN Bratislava, 1979).

The conducting electrons also rotating around their own axes, like the electrons in superfluid or superconductive state.

The electric current is then the flow of conducting electrons ripped out of the valence shells of atoms envelopes rotating around their own axes.

We can gain the high-temperature superconductivity by breaking of the orbits of electrons increasing their velocity (i. e. by the reduction of their force reach radii for and reducing the motion of atoms nuclei (or ions) increasing the volume for the electrons transition (what is in fact indirectly the decrease of temperature).

We will increase the volume for transition of the electrons through maximum solid breaking of orbits of the electrons. This will decrease the "size of atoms" of ~ 10⁵ fm to the "size of nuclei" ~ 1fm i. e. it will decrease (10⁵)³=10¹⁵ times (!!!) the "volume of obstacles for electrons". Will not the grid structure of metal disintegrate moreover as in plasma?

Evidently it will be necessary to freeze the nuclei motion in order to keep the grid structure of "superconductor" i. e. to remain the real nuclei of atoms (or ions) in neutral points of grid not to gain a chaotic motion. That can probably only be achieved in strong magnetic fields, or at low temperature. Increasing the speed of electrons to the speed close to the one of light, we decrease the radius of force range of electrons. It means, that for v~c the electrons could perhaps transit also through the nuclei (ions) like through the screen. Then it would no matter whether or not it is the low temperature, or if the conductor grid is kept or not. It is a matter of not disintegrate the "conductor" to plasma or keeping in within the "space of the conductor". The electric current in the circuit of superconductive material flows almost for the infinite time, since it is the motion of free electrons rotating around their axes in almost free medium. There are no atoms in the neutral points of grid, just nuclei or ions and they are almost frozen, i. e. they do not oscillate thermally, chaotically around the equilibrium positions almost at all. They probably just rotate, so their effective cross-section is also small. At the same time the effective cross-section of electrons is smaller, for they move along the circle at the high speed. In which way their radius of force range is also decreased. By the accelerating voltage U=10¹⁰ V for electrons and voltage U=10¹³ V for protons (see fig. 3.8) it should originate superconductivity at room temperature.

23. The wavelength according to Broglie

according to Compton

according to Vlček

24. The moment of momentum is kept - it is constant (it results from the generalized law of inertia)

because the moment of inertia is kept in the center-of-mass coordinate system

but the momentum is not kept in general m₁v₁ does not equal m₂v₂

because R₁ does not equal R₂ the radius of electron and nucleus revolve around, the common center of gravity is different.

Only in a special case e. g. on the Earth surface, when R₁=R₂=R_Z it is valid that m₁v₁R_Z=m₂v₂R_Z

i. e. m₁v₁=m₂v₂ (a boat on a water level)

25. The orbit radius

26. The force range radius - see relations (3.25) to (3.27) and Fig. 3.13. The experimental evidence: a trace of particle in Wilkinson’s chamber. High speed, low density of ionization.

27. From the wavelength of the spectral line and from its thickness we can even calculate the speed of electron by its circular motion around nucleus ) also the radius of orbit R_orbit for all spectral lines. We just need a spectroscope tables of wave- lengths () to find out all proportions in atoms.

Substituting

For

28. The ratio of the mass of two bodies rotating around the common center of gravity e. g. in atom of hydrogen is essential:

then

For the solar system in our GALAXY

29. The higher the speed of particle, the shorter radius of its own force range (it is significant for v > 0,05c). At the same time it is the explanation of the short radius of force range of the particles of strong fields.

Conversely, the particles in electromagnetic, gravitational and weak fields have long radius of force range i. e. the particles of these fields move at low speed of v < 0,05c. We have the effective cross-section of r = 10^-15 m if it is defined that where r is the radius of force range of the particle for and up to 0,06 barn. According to Vanovic the experiment for example gives for the scattering of barn at .

30. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and our theory are in absolute agreement: "The bigger the impulse (i. e. the higher speed, too) the shorter force range radius."

"The smaller the impulse (the slower speed) the longer force range radius."

High speed is accompanied by the short radius of force range. Slow speed is accompanied by the long radius of force range.